If you?ve felt lethargic and dull while sitting in a packed classroom recently, you may have assumed that it had something to do with the content of your teacher?s lecture. But it might actually be something in the air.
Although conventional wisdom has held that?the concentration of carbon dioxide needed to slow cognition is much higher than the amount we encounter on a regular basis,?a study published last month?in?Environmental Health Perspectives?suggests that the?collective carbon dioxide?exhaled by all the people around you might cause you to think more slowly.
When researchers from SUNY Upstate Medical University and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory put 24 healthy young adults in an enclosed room and tested their decision-making ability at different levels of carbon dioxide concentration routinely experienced in crowded rooms, they?found that the participants? performance declined significantly.
?In our field we have always had a dogma that carbon dioxide itself, at the levels we find in buildings, is just not important and doesn?t have any direct impacts on people,? Berkeley Lab scientist William Fisk, a coauthor of the study, told Phys.org. ?So these results, which were quite unambiguous, were surprising.?
As part of the study, they put four participants at a time in a small, office-like room for three periods, each 2.5 hours long, with a one hour break in between. For each group, they pumped in enough pure carbon dioxide to achieve three different concentrations in the air: 600, 1,000 and 2,500 parts per million (ppm). For reference, the air outside typically has a carbon dioxide level around 380 ppm, but because we exhale the gas when we breathe, levels indoors are generally much higher?in crowded classrooms or meeting rooms, levels frequently reach 1,000 ppm and sometimes exceed 3,000 ppm.
During the periods the participants were in the enclosed room, they completed decision-making tasks as part of the?Strategic Management Simulation, a test developed by SUNY that asks participants to make decisions based on hypothetical scenarios. It then scores test-takers in nine different areas:?basic activity, applied activity, focused activity, task orientation, initiative, information orientation, information usage, breadth of approach and strategy.
Although the researchers suspected the participants? abilities might diminish slightly, they were surprised by just how significant the effects of the carbon dioxide were. Decision-making?decreased moderately at 1,000 ppm?as measured on seven of the nine scales, with decreases ranging from 11 to 23 percent, and significantly on those same scales at 2,500 ppm, with decreases of 44 to 94 percent.?The most dramatic effects were found in the participants? ability to engage in strategic thinking and take initiative. ?The magnitude of effects measured at 2,500 ppm was astonishing?so astonishing that it was almost hard to believe,??Berkeley Lab scientist Mark Mendell, a coauthor, told?Science News.
Performance declined in decision-making as measured on seven of nine scales when carbon dioxide concentrations in the room increased. Image via Environmental Health Perspectives
Until now, scientists assumed that carbon dioxide had to be present at much higher concentrations to have a direct effect on human health. ?Previous studies have looked at 10,000 ppm, 20,000 ppm; that?s the level at which scientists thought effects started,? Mendell told Phys.org. ?That?s why these findings are so startling.?
For the most part, indoor environmental experts usually evaluate carbon dioxide levels as a proxy for poor ventilation and the presence of other pollutants but not a significant pollutant itself. ??We?ve seen higher carbon dioxide levels associated with increased student absences and poorer performances on school-type tasks, but we never thought?carbon dioxide was actually responsible,? Fisk told Science News.
The results are especially concerning because recent efforts to build more energy-efficient buildings have actually cut down on the amount of ventilation in many classrooms. ?As there?s a drive for increasing energy efficiency, there?s a push for making buildings tighter and less expensive to run,? Mendell told Phys.org. ?There?s some risk that, in that process, adverse effects on occupants will be ignored.?
EPA guidelines suggest that?carbon dioxide concentrations in classrooms be no higher than 700 ppm more than outdoors, which typically ends up being around 1,000 to 1,100 ppm.?These standards, though, were originally developed based on the ventilation levels at which body odors become apparent, not any concrete measure of the effects of carbon dioxide on the body.
Because this study was conducted with such a small sample size, the authors caution that the results ought to be tested on much larger scales before any strong conclusions are made. If they?re repeated, though, we may want to rethink the way we design our buildings?and what might be making us tired during the middle of a long lecture.
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Nuria Riutord
It is without a doubt one the most emblematic recent episodes in ?the fight for ?woman?s sexual health and reproductive rights across Central America. The figures concerning these problems are devastating.
In Guatemala ?it would seem that everything is being done to protect ?women who are considering abortion. The reality is that they don?t actually have access to contraceptives. In fact, the governmental plans for the sexual health and education and family planning aren?t seeming to be effective.
On the contrary, during the Nineties ?women were allowed to have an abortion when it was in a case of rape, or when there was a risk for the mother?s life or because of a disability of the foetus. Today it is very different, it being ?illegal even to use the ?morning after pill?, which is different to what most human rights organisations around the world stand for.
In Nicaragua, the country has developed a system to make family planning work and to reduce mortality rate. The thing is that it is only applied in the richest parts of the nation. According to the figures, 100 of every 100.000 births still end with the mother dying.